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Kang Sheng
Kang Sheng (; c. 1898 – December 16, 1975) was a Communist Party of China ("CPC") official best known for having overseen the work of the CPC's internal security and intelligence apparatus during the early 1940s and again at the height of the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A member of the CPC from the early 1920s, he spent time in Moscow during the early 1930s, where he learned the methods of the NKVD and became a supporter of Wang Ming for leadership of the CPC. After returning to China in the late 1930s, Kang Sheng switched his allegiance to Mao Zedong and became a close associate of Mao during the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War and after. He remained at or near the pinnacle of power in the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1975. After the death of Mao and the subsequent arrest of the Gang of Four, Kang Sheng was accused of sharing responsibility with the Gang for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution and in 1980 he was expelled posthumously from the CPC.〔See, generally, John Byron & Robert Pack, ''The Claws of the Dragon: Kang Sheng - The Evil Genius Behind Mao - And His Legacy of Terror in People's China'', (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992); Zhong Kan, ''Kang Sheng Pingzhuan (Critical Biography of Kang Sheng )'' (Beijing: Hongqi, 1982); Lin Qingshan, ''Kang Sheng Waizhuan (Unofficial Biography of Kang Sheng )'' (Beijing: Zhongguo Qingnian, 1988)〕
==Early life==
Kang Sheng was born in Dataizhuang (大臺莊) (administered under Jiaonan County since 1946), Zhucheng County to the northwest of Qingdao in Shandong Province to a landowning family, some of whom had been Confucian scholars.〔Byron & Pack, p. 35-7; Roger Faligot & Remi Kauffer (translated from the French by Christine Donougher), ''The Chinese Secret Service'' (Paris: Laffont 1987; Translation London: Headline 1989), p. 10.〕 Kang was born Zhang Zongke () but he adopted a number of pseudonyms – most notably Zhao Rong, but also (for his painting) Li Jushi—before settling on Kang Sheng in the 1930s.〔Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages-Kang Sheng〕 Some sources give his year of birth as being as early as 1893, but it has also been variously given as 1898, 1899 and 1903.〔Byron & Pack, p. 33; Faligot & Kauffer, p. 10; Edgar Snow, ''Red Star Over China'' (New York: Grove Press, 1938, 1973 ed.), p. 473-474; Vladimirov, Peter, ''The Vladimirov Diaries, Yenan, China: 1942-1945'', (Garden City: Doubleday, 1975), p. 76.〕
Kang received his elementary education at the Guanhai school for boys and later at the German School in Qingdao.〔Faligot & Kauffer, p. 12-14.〕 As a teenager, he entered into an arranged marriage with Chen Yi, in 1915, with whom he had two children, a daughter, Zhang Yuying, and a son, Zhang Zishi.〔Byron & Pack, p. 40-41.〕 After graduating from the German School, Kang taught in a rural school in Zhucheng, Shandong in the early 1920s before leaving, possibly for a sojourn in Germany and France,〔Faligot & Kauffer, p. 20-21.〕 and ultimately for Shanghai, where he arrived in 1924.〔Vladimirov, p. 77. Faligot & Kauffer, p. 15, name the town where Kang taught as that where his family then lived, Zhucheng.〕
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